In human bodies, the kidneys function as a sieve or purifier for filtering body waste materials and excess water from the blood in the form of urine. Normally, large proteins can't pass through these tiny filter pores. These filters' pores enlarge in a kidney disorder called nephrotic syndrome, allowing protein to seep into the urine.
The amount of protein in the blood decreases as a result of the loss of protein in urine. Patients with nephrotic syndrome experience edema, a swelling resulting from a decrease in blood protein levels. The total amount of protein lost in the urine and the drop in blood protein levels determine how severe the edema is. In the majority of nephrotic syndrome patients, kidney function (i.e., the glomerular filtration rate or the capacity of the kidney to filter waste products) is normal.
While the symptoms may sound worrying, the condition can be managed well if detected in the early stages. With proper treatment, regular monitoring, and the right lifestyle guidance, many people—both children and adults—are able to live healthy, active lives. Understanding this syndrome is the first step toward protecting kidney health in the long run. The following article discusses the diagnosis, treatment options, and long-term care of nephrotic disease. Let’s learn more.
Read Also: Chronic Kidney Disease Treatment In Mumbai: Diagnosis, Cost & Best Hospitals
What are the Causes of Nephrotic Syndrome?
The following diseases are the most common causes of nephrotic syndrome:| Condition | Description |
| Amyloidosis | Amyloidosis is a condition characterized by the accumulation of abnormal proteins in organs, particularly the kidneys, which impedes their ability to properly filter waste. |
| Diabetes-related nephropathy | Kidney damage caused by diabetes, when long-term high blood sugar affects how well the kidneys work. |
| Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) | This condition causes scarring in parts of the kidney's filtering units, which can lead to swelling, protein loss in urine, and potentially kidney failure. |
| Lupus | It is an autoimmune disease in which the body attacks its tissues. This leads to inflammation in various organs, including the kidneys. |
| Membranous nephropathy | It is a condition in which the immune system damages the kidney's filtering membranes. |
| Minimal change disease (MCD) | This kidney disorder, commonly seen in children, causes protein loss in urine, despite the kidney tissue appearing mostly normal under a microscope. |
What are the Symptoms of Nephrotic Syndrome?
The following are the common symptoms associated with nephrotic syndrome:- Albuminuria: The presence of large amounts of the protein (albumin) in your urine.
- Hyperlipidemia: It refers to elevated levels of fat and cholesterol in the blood.
- Edema: Swelling in the legs, feet, or ankles. However, swelling may also occur in the hands or face.
- Hypoalbuminemia: It is a condition in which the levels of albumin decline in your blood.
- Loss of appetite
- Malaise (feeling of being unwell or sick)
- Abdominal pain (anywhere from ribs to pelvis)
- Foamy urine
How is Nephrotic Syndrome Diagnosed?
The following are diagnostic tests that can help detect nephrotic syndrome:| Nephrotic Syndrome Diagnostic Test | Description |
| Urinalysis Tests | Urinalysis tests examine the visual, chemical, and microscopic aspects of urine. It helps detect protein and other abnormalities. |
| Dipstick Test | You have to collect your urine in a special container. A chemical-coated strip is dipped in the urine. The strip changes color if albumin is present. |
| Urine Protein Test | This test helps in the precise measurement of protein in urine. It may be done using a single urine sample or a 24-hour urine collection. |
| Single Urine Sample | This test helps in comparing albumin and creatinine levels. A high albumin-to-creatinine ratio may indicate a problem. |
| 24-Hour Urine Collection | Urine is collected at home over 24 hours using a provided container. The total amount of albumin in the urine is measured. |
| Blood Tests | A blood sample is taken from a vein in the arm. Blood albumin levels are analyzed after the blood is sent. Low albumin levels and high cholesterol levels may indicate nephrotic syndrome. |
| Kidney Biopsy | A small kidney tissue is extracted using a needle under local anesthesia. This tissue sample is then examined under a microscope to confirm the diagnosis. |
What are the Treatment Options for Nephrotic Syndrome?
For the management of nephrotic syndrome, it is necessary to address any underlying medical issues. Your doctor may recommend medication and dietary changes as an additional line of defense against nephrotic syndrome and its effects. The following are the medications for nephrotic syndrome management:- Blood pressure medications, including angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs)
- Water pills (diuretics)
- Statins (cholesterol-lowering medicines)
- Blood thinners
- Immune system-suppressing medications
What Does Long-Term Care for Nephrotic Syndrome Involve?
In the case of nephrotic syndrome, long-term care also requires specific dietary changes along with medications. Your doctor may refer you to a nutritionist, who will provide you with a diet chart that ensures the following:- You get sufficient plant-based protein
- There is a dietary cut on fat and cholesterol
- You have a low-salt diet
- You consume less fluid content
Conclusion
Nephrotic syndrome is characterized by a range of symptoms, including but not limited to protein loss in urine, abdominal discomfort, frothy urine, and overall fatigue. Get in touch with your doctor if you've been experiencing any of these signs for longer than a week.If you are suffering from any condition that involves kidney damage, you must seek expert care as early as possible. Our professionals at Asian Heart Institute will create a personalized treatment plan for you based on your condition.
The best nephrologists in Mumbai are here to help you at Asian Heart Institute. Book your consultation now!
FAQs
Q1: What is congenital nephrotic syndrome?A: Congenital nephrotic syndrome is present at birth. It typically results in irreversible kidney failure between 2 to 8 years of age. It is an inherited renal disorder, indicating that it was passed on to you by your parents.
Q2: How is nephrotic syndrome different from glomerulonephritis?
A: Glomerulonephritis and nephrotic syndrome have similar symptoms. In nephrotic syndrome, your kidneys excrete more protein in your urine. Individuals with nephrotic syndrome will lose about 3.5 grams of protein. In cases of glomerulonephritis, less than 3.5 grams of protein will be lost.
Q3: How is nephrotic syndrome different from nephritic syndrome?
A: Nephrotic syndrome and nephritic syndrome are both disorders that impact renal function. The major characteristic of nephrotic syndrome is a significant concentration of protein in the bloodstream. The key characteristic of the nephritic system is inflammation, typically resulting from infection or vascular damage.
